In Iranian legal system, several acts have been enacted on the liability of foreign state for violating international law. Some of these acts have been enacted in order to protect the rights of the Iranian people and diplomatic support, and others in order to make counter measure against violation of immunity from jurisdiction and enforcement ‎by a foreign state, as well as to determine the competent court to file lawsuits and similar issues. In this study, Iran's legislative performance in the mentioned issues with an analytical approach, in order to identify Iran's legal capacity regarding the responsibility of the foreign state is examined and then the gaps in the mentioned laws are discussed. A study of the various acts in this field shows that these acts are often written without proper notice to sufficient accuracy, expert opinions and principles of legislation. Therefore, it is needed to consolidate these acts, which mainly have the same subjects, into a coherent act with sufficient scrutiny in writing articles, considering international law, and without mere quick reactionary approach to foreign state’s measures.

Background and Aim: One of the topics that are directly related to human rights is the rights of people with disabilities. Lack of prediction of sufficient performance guarantee of the rights of the disabled, causes weakness and defects in the rights of this category of people. So, laws and legal rules must be approved in such a way that there is no possibility of non-implementation by individuals. Therefore, in this article, we will examine the performance guarantee of the rights of people with disabilities and in the end; we will seek to provide a disable model. Methods: This research was written using documents and library resources and descriptive and analytical method. Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the present research, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed. Results: The findings indicate that in the discussion of the guarantee of CIVIL enforcement, should be made a distinction between the government liability and non-governmental organizations and in issue of government liability, a distinction should be made between the liability of the government and government employees. Even in some cases, joint liability can be used to prevent the violation of the rights of people with disabilities and better compensation. Conclusion: It seems that in the issue of guaranteeing CIVIL enforcement, the three powers should be responsible for their actions in the cases of approval and adoption of ineffective laws and incorrect implementation of them and there is no difference between the government actions and the government authority. Even in cases of moral damage inflicted on a person with a disability, this type of damage must be compensated. Also, regarding the liability of individuals and non-governmental institutions, according to the general rules of CIVIL liability, no damage should remain uncompensated and this people should follow the general rules of CIVIL responsibility. Please cite this article as: Hasanabadi M, Parsa E. CIVIL SANCTIONS Implementation of the Rights of People with Disabilities in Iranian Legal System and Providing a Desirable Model. Medical Law Journal. 2023; 17(58): e56.

Obligations are of two types: personal and non-personal. Generally, obligations are not bound to the obligator’s character, and in effect, the he will be obliged to fulfill the specific performance should he refuse the performance of non-monetary obligations. In Article 2-2-7 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC), the rule of specific performance the same non-monetary obligation is acknowledged; however, in Clause D of the Article, as acknowledged in the regulations of many countries, performance of an exclusively personal obligations is excluded. Art. 239 of the Iranian CIVIL Code maintains "if the obligator cannot be convinced to perform the subject of the contract and it might not be performed by a third party either, the other party will hold the right to terminate the contract. Art. 729 of the Code of CIVIL Procedure of 1939 considered the performance of an exclusively personal obligation mandatory- which was repealed in 2000. Yet, drawing on the same Art., Art. 47 of the Law on Execution of CIVIL Judgments of 1978 considers the performance of an exclusively personal obligation mandatory. Recruiting a descriptive-analytical design, the current study investigates the SANCTIONS for the performance of personal obligations in the international trade documents as they arranged in line with the domestic laws of the countries party to the agreements. Findings suggest that the elimination of SANCTIONS in the implementation of Art. 47 of the Law on Execution of CIVIL Judgments, the impossibility of specific performance and execution of the judgement in such obligations, and considering the right of termination for the party in loss are consistent with the new legal and Fiqhi standards on this type of obligation.

The awareness of floods and estimating the debris flow is a fundamental step for assessing risk and planning in the watershed. The village of Sijan, located in the Southern Alborz, is one of the areas threatened by debris flows. The research aimed to estimate the volume of debris flows along 700 m of a stream of Sijan Village time range from 2018 to 2021. The study method included surveying the stream in two-time intervals, which involved one concrete and four gabion checkdams, and calculation of erosion and sedimentation happened via debris flow using the CIVIL-3D software. Results showed that five check dams had 823 m2 and 750 m3 area and volume, respectively. Debris flows covered 25500 m2 after the flood in 2019, in which the estimated erosion and deposition volumes were 7250 m3 and 10100 m3 according to the elevation difference technique. The Sijan stream channel experienced sedimentation and erosion along the northern and southern banks. Implemented watershed management measures have played a vital role in mitigating the risk of debris flows, especially at the concrete check dam.

It can be confidently stated that Iran's aviation industry has suffered the most from the unilateral SANCTIONS imposed by the United States, while these SANCTIONS contradict specific international regulations that other sanctioned industries lack such legal backing. Most writings and arguments presented to demonstrate the illegitimacy of the SANCTIONS against Iran's aviation industry have thus far centered around general issues such as human rights violations and threats to human safety. However, the specific rules of international air law provide the best foundation for filing an independent complaint against the United States, having been utilized by other countries in similar matters. These rules include: the contradiction of the SANCTIONS with the international characteristics of aviation regulations and the condemnation of the extraterritorial application of national laws concerning non-American entities; incompatibility with the development of international CIVIL aviation; incompatibility with the prohibition of the misuse of CIVIL aviation; violation of the principle of equality of opportunities in international CIVIL aviation; and, ultimately, a breach of aviation safety. Furthermore, the International CIVIL Aviation Organization (ICAO), as a dedicated forum for resolving disputes in CIVIL aviation, offers unique capacity regarding jurisdiction and procedures for filing complaints that is not found in other sanction-related matters. This article, after reviewing the unsuccessful efforts to lift the SANCTIONS under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), examines the aforementioned substantive aspects and the proper process for filing a complaint in the specialized forum of ICAO.

Economic SANCTIONS mean CIVILian actions that have undesirable effects on transfer of goods, services or capital to a particular country. Sport is also not an exception in Iran. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of SANCTIONS on Iran sport. This was a field study using a mixed method. The sample included the experts of management and sport (n=92) in qualitative and quantitative phases. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data and its validity and reliability were confirmed. The exploratory factor analysis in SPSS software and confirmatory factor analysis in Amos22 software were used. The results indicated 5 significant factors resulting from SANCTIONS in sport including financial problems, knowledge and technology, international interactions, marketing and economics. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed the construct validity of the questionnaire. Based on the obtained results, it is obvious that authorities should pay special attention to solutions offered in economic sectors, interactions, attention to production and privatization especially the economic and income-generating infrastructures in the sport sector in order to develop sport which could be the key to tackling this issue.

Increasing use of cheque as a commercial document has caused problems regarding its non-payment, thus, the legislature has attempted to curb these problems by using criminal tools. However, despite increasing of claims about the bad cheque, it seems that penal policies have been able to be useful in this regard. Recognizing the cheque commercial nature with the help of business rules, if the legislator supports this old Institution with a different approach, regardless of supporting document holder, the penal tools can have a proper place in removing the problems of cheque. Examining the views of legal scholars and the history of criminal provisions of the cheque and trying to recognize this entity as a completely independent commercial institution, this study has attempted to draw the correct method of entrance of penal rules in a homogeneous and effecting form and explain and clarify the capacities of CIVIL and commercial SANCTIONS in support of the nature of the cheque and the holder’s rights against criminal SANCTIONS. Thus, it seems that commercial deprivation of the cheque rather than criminal SANCTIONS can help preventing the issuance of bad cheque.

Central bank SANCTIONS are one of the types of economic SANCTIONS. Various forms of economic SANCTIONS in the strict sense of the word, including blocking and confiscating the assets of the sanctioned country, prohibiting export and import and buying and selling goods, blocking assets, (such as the blocking of Iranian assets by the United States following the occupation of the American embassy in Iran) ), currency and monetary restrictions such as increasing international tariffs and not granting loans or reducing credits and inappropriate exchange rate changes. Today, economic SANCTIONS can be mentioned as a tool to achieve foreign policy goals from other countries. The goal of the sanctioning country is to distort the economic relations of the sanctioned country and weaken the system of the target country, through the quantitative and qualitative reduction of the international trade level of that country. At present, the countries that have more economic and military power in the international arena and mainly include Western countries, have a share in controlling the international economy by using economic tools and various related SANCTIONS, including bank SANCTIONS. They act to weaken or expose the economy of the country targeted by SANCTIONS in order to secure their political interests and dominate other countries. For this reason, some Western analysts consider SANCTIONS as a tool that also weakens diplomacy. Therefore, in this article, the legitimacy of banking SANCTIONS in the international arena has been investigated, with an emphasis on banking SANCTIONS against Iran. Also, in this topic, the content of various opinions and decisions resulting from the SANCTIONS of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been examined.